Digital transformation continues to disrupt the entire IT stack by shifting nearly every paradigm, including the new blurring lines between network infrastructure. New mobile network technologies are at the cusp of adaption in the enterprise networks with a growing number of innovations poised to enable expanded and more flexible connectivity with a gradual displacement of traditional Wi-Fi networks.
The evolution began as new unlicensed radio frequencies become a part of the 3GPP 5G Release 16 mode of operation. This new mobile mode of operation has the ability to offer the necessary technology for mobile network operators (MNOs) to operate the unlicensed spectrum into 5G networks and make some of it available for corporate networking. New standardization will enable the enterprise networks to gradually adopt these new mobile networks to their connectivity framework, in order to leverage the benefits of new modern applications and alignment to their connectivity, scale and quality of service requirements.
With the benefits of a new mode of connectivity – in a converged fixed or pure mobile infrastructure – there are always measurable risks that require attention. Specifically, the new mode of connectivity brings potentially new security threats and operational challenges that need to be addressed.
New Operating Modes
It is likely that incorporating this mobile technology will require starting from new operational modes; these will be imperative to grasp the direction and the adaption of private mobile networks in reality. Industry hype is certainly driving the trend towards the mode in which the corporate IT teams will be capable to deploy and operate the new private mobile network. However, at this point in time, the more realistic option will be that full control of design, deployment and operation will be from the MNOs, as they have strong experience, knowledge and risk mitigation capabilities. This mode of operation is also incentivized through the business aspects of creating a new revenue stream for the MNOs. This higher-margin business can provide more stringent security operations, particularly in light of better understanding the vector of attacks. Such an approach provides carrier-grade operations with the commitment of a service level agreement and correlation to the required corporate business agility and continuity needed by the enterprise.
Questions like the who, what and where of network traffic need to be answered to prevent security threats and maintain network performance and reliability—in essence, identifying and maintaining the identity of the mobile subscriber in a complex hybrid model of mobile connectivity. A corporate mobile network can be completely private, well isolated from other networks with no roaming into the public network. It can also feature a less stringent traffic policy using a virtual slice of the private network with a segmented perimeter in which certain traffic will roam into a public network and will be tracked with respect to subscriber-aware policy. This latter option is a greater challenge because of the inherent separation of data or user and control planes in mobile network architecture is virtual rather than physical. Additionally, new mobile 5G architecture includes virtualization and network slicing to offer valuable versatility and scale, but it also makes NetOps and SecOps monitoring and control even more challenging. In light of the complexities, we can assume that the favorable and practical mode of new corporate mobile networks will be outsourced to an MNO that will operate in tight synergies with corporate IT teams. Their work will be based on a defined playbook to drive a gradual evolution of architectural reference models and pragmatic learning curve for corporate “do it yourself” operations mode. Complexities multiply in cases related to IoT and manufacturing applications in which the mobile core is required to be closer or co-located with the edge to support low latency and high throughput requirements.
5G features a separation of data/user and control planes that is an architectural advantage, particularly helpful for large IoT deployments, dynamic scalability and services and higher data rates with greater bandwidth efficiencies. It offers more distributed processing for greater scale and less susceptibility to a single point of failure. It also represents a shift from best-effort networks to ones that can provide better, more differentiated levels of services and prioritization. This separation requires a new approach for network visibility to understand who is doing what. This is an issue for security as well as networking performance.
The Challenge of Virtualized Network Functions
Another challenge is that 5G virtualizes in software the higher-level network functions that traditionally have been performed by physical hardware. This virtualized network slicing means a sharing of physical resources that expand the attack surface by offering the potential for a sophisticated attacker to traverse from one virtual instance to another knowing that it will be difficult for security teams to detect this lateral movement. In addition, 5G radio network deployments may include significant expansions of small cells connecting in a campus geographically distributed environment, machine-to-machine communications and dynamic connections to multiple cells. All of these present a new frontier for attackers and new challenges for IT operation teams. Organizations need visibility and understanding of these new infrastructure resources to ensure a clear design and implementation to prevent security breaches and disruption of business continuity.
The potential for significant expansion of IoT devices on corporate networks using 5G offers important advances for measuring and monitoring devices or making everything connected. At the same time, these lean devices generally have far less endpoint controls—particularly robust access control—than traditional computing devices, and it is difficult to add such controls directly to each unit. The rise of more IoT machine-to-machine communication and away from a hub-and-spoke model adds additional complexity. A proliferation of such devices also intensifies the need for deeper visibility and more automated security to scale with these deployments without the bottleneck of human intervention for each. This adds risks to the internal IT learning curve, making it an unlikely option and again, favors outsourcing to MNO experienced teams to design, deploy and maintain the corporate private mobile networks.
The lack of agility is a particularly important issue, as new technologies and techniques are constantly being developed that enable security teams to stay ahead of—or at least keep pace with—attackers. Motivated attackers tend to be far more innovative that defenders and can use anything at their disposal to accomplish their goals. Entire cybercriminal supply chains exist to provide attackers with applications, utilities, routines and even services to conduct their campaigns. These things can and will be used against defenders.